X-Git-Url: http://gitweb.michael.orlitzky.com/?a=blobdiff_plain;f=mjo%2Feja%2Feja_algebra.py;h=29ff1da38480b3b9b07d1ff39555948e31785732;hb=393a3fbd21087c3ba22f47b8a3b41ae987e4a841;hp=88ceef48a370e21ea10b7afca34057c048579f2d;hpb=b0915886d2503c46bce66d92e79f49687c5c4466;p=sage.d.git diff --git a/mjo/eja/eja_algebra.py b/mjo/eja/eja_algebra.py index 88ceef4..29ff1da 100644 --- a/mjo/eja/eja_algebra.py +++ b/mjo/eja/eja_algebra.py @@ -123,11 +123,11 @@ class FiniteDimensionalEuclideanJordanAlgebra(CombinatorialFreeModule): vector representations) back and forth faithfully:: sage: set_random_seed() - sage: J = RealCartesianProductEJA(5) + sage: J = RealCartesianProductEJA.random_instance() sage: x = J.random_element() sage: J(x.to_vector().column()) == x True - sage: J = JordanSpinEJA(5) + sage: J = JordanSpinEJA.random_instance() sage: x = J.random_element() sage: J(x.to_vector().column()) == x True @@ -155,6 +155,26 @@ class FiniteDimensionalEuclideanJordanAlgebra(CombinatorialFreeModule): return self.from_vector(coords) + @staticmethod + def _max_test_case_size(): + """ + Return an integer "size" that is an upper bound on the size of + this algebra when it is used in a random test + case. Unfortunately, the term "size" is quite vague -- when + dealing with `R^n` under either the Hadamard or Jordan spin + product, the "size" refers to the dimension `n`. When dealing + with a matrix algebra (real symmetric or complex/quaternion + Hermitian), it refers to the size of the matrix, which is + far less than the dimension of the underlying vector space. + + We default to five in this class, which is safe in `R^n`. The + matrix algebra subclasses (or any class where the "size" is + interpreted to be far less than the dimension) should override + with a smaller number. + """ + return 5 + + def _repr_(self): """ Return a string representation of ``self``. @@ -421,8 +441,8 @@ class FiniteDimensionalEuclideanJordanAlgebra(CombinatorialFreeModule): EXAMPLES: - The inner product must satisfy its axiom for this algebra to truly - be a Euclidean Jordan Algebra:: + Our inner product satisfies the Jordan axiom, which is also + referred to as "associativity" for a symmetric bilinear form:: sage: set_random_seed() sage: J = random_eja() @@ -638,6 +658,28 @@ class FiniteDimensionalEuclideanJordanAlgebra(CombinatorialFreeModule): return s.random_element() + @classmethod + def random_instance(cls, field=QQ, **kwargs): + """ + Return a random instance of this type of algebra. + + In subclasses for algebras that we know how to construct, this + is a shortcut for constructing test cases and examples. + """ + if cls is FiniteDimensionalEuclideanJordanAlgebra: + # Red flag! But in theory we could do this I guess. The + # only finite-dimensional exceptional EJA is the + # octononions. So, we could just create an EJA from an + # associative matrix algebra (generated by a subset of + # elements) with the symmetric product. Or, we could punt + # to random_eja() here, override it in our subclasses, and + # not worry about it. + raise NotImplementedError + + n = ZZ.random_element(1, cls._max_test_case_size()) + return cls(n, field, **kwargs) + + def rank(self): """ Return the rank of this EJA. @@ -758,17 +800,6 @@ class RealCartesianProductEJA(FiniteDimensionalEuclideanJordanAlgebra): sage: RealCartesianProductEJA(3, prefix='r').gens() (r0, r1, r2) - Our inner product satisfies the Jordan axiom:: - - sage: set_random_seed() - sage: n = ZZ.random_element(1,5) - sage: J = RealCartesianProductEJA(n) - sage: x = J.random_element() - sage: y = J.random_element() - sage: z = J.random_element() - sage: (x*y).inner_product(z) == y.inner_product(x*z) - True - """ def __init__(self, n, field=QQ, **kwargs): V = VectorSpace(field, n) @@ -792,8 +823,7 @@ class RealCartesianProductEJA(FiniteDimensionalEuclideanJordanAlgebra): over `R^n`:: sage: set_random_seed() - sage: n = ZZ.random_element(1,5) - sage: J = RealCartesianProductEJA(n) + sage: J = RealCartesianProductEJA.random_instance() sage: x = J.random_element() sage: y = J.random_element() sage: X = x.natural_representation() @@ -841,433 +871,132 @@ def random_eja(): Euclidean Jordan algebra of dimension... """ + classname = choice([RealCartesianProductEJA, + JordanSpinEJA, + RealSymmetricEJA, + ComplexHermitianEJA, + QuaternionHermitianEJA]) + return classname.random_instance() - # The max_n component lets us choose different upper bounds on the - # value "n" that gets passed to the constructor. This is needed - # because e.g. R^{10} is reasonable to test, while the Hermitian - # 10-by-10 quaternion matrices are not. - (constructor, max_n) = choice([(RealCartesianProductEJA, 6), - (JordanSpinEJA, 6), - (RealSymmetricEJA, 5), - (ComplexHermitianEJA, 4), - (QuaternionHermitianEJA, 3)]) - n = ZZ.random_element(1, max_n) - return constructor(n, field=QQ) - - - -def _real_symmetric_basis(n, field): - """ - Return a basis for the space of real symmetric n-by-n matrices. - - SETUP:: - - sage: from mjo.eja.eja_algebra import _real_symmetric_basis - - TESTS:: - - sage: set_random_seed() - sage: n = ZZ.random_element(1,5) - sage: B = _real_symmetric_basis(n, QQ) - sage: all( M.is_symmetric() for M in B) - True - - """ - # The basis of symmetric matrices, as matrices, in their R^(n-by-n) - # coordinates. - S = [] - for i in xrange(n): - for j in xrange(i+1): - Eij = matrix(field, n, lambda k,l: k==i and l==j) - if i == j: - Sij = Eij - else: - Sij = Eij + Eij.transpose() - S.append(Sij) - return tuple(S) - - -def _complex_hermitian_basis(n, field): - """ - Returns a basis for the space of complex Hermitian n-by-n matrices. - - Why do we embed these? Basically, because all of numerical linear - algebra assumes that you're working with vectors consisting of `n` - entries from a field and scalars from the same field. There's no way - to tell SageMath that (for example) the vectors contain complex - numbers, while the scalar field is real. - - SETUP:: - - sage: from mjo.eja.eja_algebra import _complex_hermitian_basis - - TESTS:: - - sage: set_random_seed() - sage: n = ZZ.random_element(1,5) - sage: field = QuadraticField(2, 'sqrt2') - sage: B = _complex_hermitian_basis(n, field) - sage: all( M.is_symmetric() for M in B) - True - - """ - R = PolynomialRing(field, 'z') - z = R.gen() - F = NumberField(z**2 + 1, 'I', embedding=CLF(-1).sqrt()) - I = F.gen() - - # This is like the symmetric case, but we need to be careful: - # - # * We want conjugate-symmetry, not just symmetry. - # * The diagonal will (as a result) be real. - # - S = [] - for i in xrange(n): - for j in xrange(i+1): - Eij = matrix(F, n, lambda k,l: k==i and l==j) - if i == j: - Sij = _embed_complex_matrix(Eij) - S.append(Sij) - else: - # The second one has a minus because it's conjugated. - Sij_real = _embed_complex_matrix(Eij + Eij.transpose()) - S.append(Sij_real) - Sij_imag = _embed_complex_matrix(I*Eij - I*Eij.transpose()) - S.append(Sij_imag) - - # Since we embedded these, we can drop back to the "field" that we - # started with instead of the complex extension "F". - return tuple( s.change_ring(field) for s in S ) - - - -def _quaternion_hermitian_basis(n, field): - """ - Returns a basis for the space of quaternion Hermitian n-by-n matrices. - - Why do we embed these? Basically, because all of numerical linear - algebra assumes that you're working with vectors consisting of `n` - entries from a field and scalars from the same field. There's no way - to tell SageMath that (for example) the vectors contain complex - numbers, while the scalar field is real. - - SETUP:: - - sage: from mjo.eja.eja_algebra import _quaternion_hermitian_basis - - TESTS:: - - sage: set_random_seed() - sage: n = ZZ.random_element(1,5) - sage: B = _quaternion_hermitian_basis(n, QQ) - sage: all( M.is_symmetric() for M in B ) - True - - """ - Q = QuaternionAlgebra(QQ,-1,-1) - I,J,K = Q.gens() - - # This is like the symmetric case, but we need to be careful: - # - # * We want conjugate-symmetry, not just symmetry. - # * The diagonal will (as a result) be real. - # - S = [] - for i in xrange(n): - for j in xrange(i+1): - Eij = matrix(Q, n, lambda k,l: k==i and l==j) - if i == j: - Sij = _embed_quaternion_matrix(Eij) - S.append(Sij) - else: - # Beware, orthogonal but not normalized! The second, - # third, and fourth ones have a minus because they're - # conjugated. - Sij_real = _embed_quaternion_matrix(Eij + Eij.transpose()) - S.append(Sij_real) - Sij_I = _embed_quaternion_matrix(I*Eij - I*Eij.transpose()) - S.append(Sij_I) - Sij_J = _embed_quaternion_matrix(J*Eij - J*Eij.transpose()) - S.append(Sij_J) - Sij_K = _embed_quaternion_matrix(K*Eij - K*Eij.transpose()) - S.append(Sij_K) - return tuple(S) - - - -def _multiplication_table_from_matrix_basis(basis): - """ - At least three of the five simple Euclidean Jordan algebras have the - symmetric multiplication (A,B) |-> (AB + BA)/2, where the - multiplication on the right is matrix multiplication. Given a basis - for the underlying matrix space, this function returns a - multiplication table (obtained by looping through the basis - elements) for an algebra of those matrices. - """ - # In S^2, for example, we nominally have four coordinates even - # though the space is of dimension three only. The vector space V - # is supposed to hold the entire long vector, and the subspace W - # of V will be spanned by the vectors that arise from symmetric - # matrices. Thus for S^2, dim(V) == 4 and dim(W) == 3. - field = basis[0].base_ring() - dimension = basis[0].nrows() - - V = VectorSpace(field, dimension**2) - W = V.span_of_basis( _mat2vec(s) for s in basis ) - n = len(basis) - mult_table = [[W.zero() for j in range(n)] for i in range(n)] - for i in range(n): - for j in range(n): - mat_entry = (basis[i]*basis[j] + basis[j]*basis[i])/2 - mult_table[i][j] = W.coordinate_vector(_mat2vec(mat_entry)) - - return mult_table - - -def _embed_complex_matrix(M): - """ - Embed the n-by-n complex matrix ``M`` into the space of real - matrices of size 2n-by-2n via the map the sends each entry `z = a + - bi` to the block matrix ``[[a,b],[-b,a]]``. - - SETUP:: - - sage: from mjo.eja.eja_algebra import _embed_complex_matrix - - EXAMPLES:: - - sage: F = QuadraticField(-1, 'i') - sage: x1 = F(4 - 2*i) - sage: x2 = F(1 + 2*i) - sage: x3 = F(-i) - sage: x4 = F(6) - sage: M = matrix(F,2,[[x1,x2],[x3,x4]]) - sage: _embed_complex_matrix(M) - [ 4 -2| 1 2] - [ 2 4|-2 1] - [-----+-----] - [ 0 -1| 6 0] - [ 1 0| 0 6] - - TESTS: - - Embedding is a homomorphism (isomorphism, in fact):: - - sage: set_random_seed() - sage: n = ZZ.random_element(5) - sage: F = QuadraticField(-1, 'i') - sage: X = random_matrix(F, n) - sage: Y = random_matrix(F, n) - sage: actual = _embed_complex_matrix(X) * _embed_complex_matrix(Y) - sage: expected = _embed_complex_matrix(X*Y) - sage: actual == expected - True - - """ - n = M.nrows() - if M.ncols() != n: - raise ValueError("the matrix 'M' must be square") - field = M.base_ring() - blocks = [] - for z in M.list(): - a = z.vector()[0] # real part, I guess - b = z.vector()[1] # imag part, I guess - blocks.append(matrix(field, 2, [[a,b],[-b,a]])) - - # We can drop the imaginaries here. - return matrix.block(field.base_ring(), n, blocks) - - -def _unembed_complex_matrix(M): - """ - The inverse of _embed_complex_matrix(). - - SETUP:: - - sage: from mjo.eja.eja_algebra import (_embed_complex_matrix, - ....: _unembed_complex_matrix) - EXAMPLES:: - sage: A = matrix(QQ,[ [ 1, 2, 3, 4], - ....: [-2, 1, -4, 3], - ....: [ 9, 10, 11, 12], - ....: [-10, 9, -12, 11] ]) - sage: _unembed_complex_matrix(A) - [ 2*i + 1 4*i + 3] - [ 10*i + 9 12*i + 11] - TESTS: - Unembedding is the inverse of embedding:: - sage: set_random_seed() - sage: F = QuadraticField(-1, 'i') - sage: M = random_matrix(F, 3) - sage: _unembed_complex_matrix(_embed_complex_matrix(M)) == M - True +class MatrixEuclideanJordanAlgebra(FiniteDimensionalEuclideanJordanAlgebra): + @staticmethod + def _max_test_case_size(): + # Play it safe, since this will be squared and the underlying + # field can have dimension 4 (quaternions) too. + return 3 - """ - n = ZZ(M.nrows()) - if M.ncols() != n: - raise ValueError("the matrix 'M' must be square") - if not n.mod(2).is_zero(): - raise ValueError("the matrix 'M' must be a complex embedding") - - field = M.base_ring() # This should already have sqrt2 - R = PolynomialRing(field, 'z') - z = R.gen() - F = NumberField(z**2 + 1,'i', embedding=CLF(-1).sqrt()) - i = F.gen() - - # Go top-left to bottom-right (reading order), converting every - # 2-by-2 block we see to a single complex element. - elements = [] - for k in xrange(n/2): - for j in xrange(n/2): - submat = M[2*k:2*k+2,2*j:2*j+2] - if submat[0,0] != submat[1,1]: - raise ValueError('bad on-diagonal submatrix') - if submat[0,1] != -submat[1,0]: - raise ValueError('bad off-diagonal submatrix') - z = submat[0,0] + submat[0,1]*i - elements.append(z) - - return matrix(F, n/2, elements) - - -def _embed_quaternion_matrix(M): - """ - Embed the n-by-n quaternion matrix ``M`` into the space of real - matrices of size 4n-by-4n by first sending each quaternion entry - `z = a + bi + cj + dk` to the block-complex matrix - ``[[a + bi, c+di],[-c + di, a-bi]]`, and then embedding those into - a real matrix. + @classmethod + def _denormalized_basis(cls, n, field): + raise NotImplementedError - SETUP:: + def __init__(self, n, field=QQ, normalize_basis=True, **kwargs): + S = self._denormalized_basis(n, field) - sage: from mjo.eja.eja_algebra import _embed_quaternion_matrix + if n > 1 and normalize_basis: + # We'll need sqrt(2) to normalize the basis, and this + # winds up in the multiplication table, so the whole + # algebra needs to be over the field extension. + R = PolynomialRing(field, 'z') + z = R.gen() + p = z**2 - 2 + if p.is_irreducible(): + field = NumberField(p, 'sqrt2', embedding=RLF(2).sqrt()) + S = [ s.change_ring(field) for s in S ] + self._basis_normalizers = tuple( + ~(self.natural_inner_product(s,s).sqrt()) for s in S ) + S = tuple( s*c for (s,c) in zip(S,self._basis_normalizers) ) - EXAMPLES:: + Qs = self.multiplication_table_from_matrix_basis(S) - sage: Q = QuaternionAlgebra(QQ,-1,-1) - sage: i,j,k = Q.gens() - sage: x = 1 + 2*i + 3*j + 4*k - sage: M = matrix(Q, 1, [[x]]) - sage: _embed_quaternion_matrix(M) - [ 1 2 3 4] - [-2 1 -4 3] - [-3 4 1 -2] - [-4 -3 2 1] + fdeja = super(MatrixEuclideanJordanAlgebra, self) + return fdeja.__init__(field, + Qs, + rank=n, + natural_basis=S, + **kwargs) - Embedding is a homomorphism (isomorphism, in fact):: - sage: set_random_seed() - sage: n = ZZ.random_element(5) - sage: Q = QuaternionAlgebra(QQ,-1,-1) - sage: X = random_matrix(Q, n) - sage: Y = random_matrix(Q, n) - sage: actual = _embed_quaternion_matrix(X)*_embed_quaternion_matrix(Y) - sage: expected = _embed_quaternion_matrix(X*Y) - sage: actual == expected - True + @staticmethod + def multiplication_table_from_matrix_basis(basis): + """ + At least three of the five simple Euclidean Jordan algebras have the + symmetric multiplication (A,B) |-> (AB + BA)/2, where the + multiplication on the right is matrix multiplication. Given a basis + for the underlying matrix space, this function returns a + multiplication table (obtained by looping through the basis + elements) for an algebra of those matrices. + """ + # In S^2, for example, we nominally have four coordinates even + # though the space is of dimension three only. The vector space V + # is supposed to hold the entire long vector, and the subspace W + # of V will be spanned by the vectors that arise from symmetric + # matrices. Thus for S^2, dim(V) == 4 and dim(W) == 3. + field = basis[0].base_ring() + dimension = basis[0].nrows() + + V = VectorSpace(field, dimension**2) + W = V.span_of_basis( _mat2vec(s) for s in basis ) + n = len(basis) + mult_table = [[W.zero() for j in range(n)] for i in range(n)] + for i in range(n): + for j in range(n): + mat_entry = (basis[i]*basis[j] + basis[j]*basis[i])/2 + mult_table[i][j] = W.coordinate_vector(_mat2vec(mat_entry)) - """ - quaternions = M.base_ring() - n = M.nrows() - if M.ncols() != n: - raise ValueError("the matrix 'M' must be square") - - F = QuadraticField(-1, 'i') - i = F.gen() - - blocks = [] - for z in M.list(): - t = z.coefficient_tuple() - a = t[0] - b = t[1] - c = t[2] - d = t[3] - cplx_matrix = matrix(F, 2, [[ a + b*i, c + d*i], - [-c + d*i, a - b*i]]) - blocks.append(_embed_complex_matrix(cplx_matrix)) - - # We should have real entries by now, so use the realest field - # we've got for the return value. - return matrix.block(quaternions.base_ring(), n, blocks) - - -def _unembed_quaternion_matrix(M): - """ - The inverse of _embed_quaternion_matrix(). + return mult_table - SETUP:: - sage: from mjo.eja.eja_algebra import (_embed_quaternion_matrix, - ....: _unembed_quaternion_matrix) + @staticmethod + def real_embed(M): + """ + Embed the matrix ``M`` into a space of real matrices. - EXAMPLES:: + The matrix ``M`` can have entries in any field at the moment: + the real numbers, complex numbers, or quaternions. And although + they are not a field, we can probably support octonions at some + point, too. This function returns a real matrix that "acts like" + the original with respect to matrix multiplication; i.e. - sage: M = matrix(QQ, [[ 1, 2, 3, 4], - ....: [-2, 1, -4, 3], - ....: [-3, 4, 1, -2], - ....: [-4, -3, 2, 1]]) - sage: _unembed_quaternion_matrix(M) - [1 + 2*i + 3*j + 4*k] + real_embed(M*N) = real_embed(M)*real_embed(N) - TESTS: - - Unembedding is the inverse of embedding:: + """ + raise NotImplementedError - sage: set_random_seed() - sage: Q = QuaternionAlgebra(QQ, -1, -1) - sage: M = random_matrix(Q, 3) - sage: _unembed_quaternion_matrix(_embed_quaternion_matrix(M)) == M - True - """ - n = ZZ(M.nrows()) - if M.ncols() != n: - raise ValueError("the matrix 'M' must be square") - if not n.mod(4).is_zero(): - raise ValueError("the matrix 'M' must be a complex embedding") - - # Use the base ring of the matrix to ensure that its entries can be - # multiplied by elements of the quaternion algebra. - field = M.base_ring() - Q = QuaternionAlgebra(field,-1,-1) - i,j,k = Q.gens() - - # Go top-left to bottom-right (reading order), converting every - # 4-by-4 block we see to a 2-by-2 complex block, to a 1-by-1 - # quaternion block. - elements = [] - for l in xrange(n/4): - for m in xrange(n/4): - submat = _unembed_complex_matrix(M[4*l:4*l+4,4*m:4*m+4]) - if submat[0,0] != submat[1,1].conjugate(): - raise ValueError('bad on-diagonal submatrix') - if submat[0,1] != -submat[1,0].conjugate(): - raise ValueError('bad off-diagonal submatrix') - z = submat[0,0].vector()[0] # real part - z += submat[0,0].vector()[1]*i # imag part - z += submat[0,1].vector()[0]*j # real part - z += submat[0,1].vector()[1]*k # imag part - elements.append(z) - - return matrix(Q, n/4, elements) - - -# The inner product used for the real symmetric simple EJA. -# We keep it as a separate function because e.g. the complex -# algebra uses the same inner product, except divided by 2. -def _matrix_ip(X,Y): - X_mat = X.natural_representation() - Y_mat = Y.natural_representation() - return (X_mat*Y_mat).trace() - - -class RealSymmetricEJA(FiniteDimensionalEuclideanJordanAlgebra): + @staticmethod + def real_unembed(M): + """ + The inverse of :meth:`real_embed`. + """ + raise NotImplementedError + + + @classmethod + def natural_inner_product(cls,X,Y): + Xu = cls.real_unembed(X) + Yu = cls.real_unembed(Y) + tr = (Xu*Yu).trace() + if tr in RLF: + # It's real already. + return tr + + # Otherwise, try the thing that works for complex numbers; and + # if that doesn't work, the thing that works for quaternions. + try: + return tr.vector()[0] # real part, imag part is index 1 + except AttributeError: + # A quaternions doesn't have a vector() method, but does + # have coefficient_tuple() method that returns the + # coefficients of 1, i, j, and k -- in that order. + return tr.coefficient_tuple()[0] + + +class RealSymmetricEJA(MatrixEuclideanJordanAlgebra): """ The rank-n simple EJA consisting of real symmetric n-by-n matrices, the usual symmetric Jordan product, and the trace inner @@ -1293,7 +1022,8 @@ class RealSymmetricEJA(FiniteDimensionalEuclideanJordanAlgebra): The dimension of this algebra is `(n^2 + n) / 2`:: sage: set_random_seed() - sage: n = ZZ.random_element(1,5) + sage: n_max = RealSymmetricEJA._max_test_case_size() + sage: n = ZZ.random_element(1, n_max) sage: J = RealSymmetricEJA(n) sage: J.dimension() == (n^2 + n)/2 True @@ -1301,8 +1031,7 @@ class RealSymmetricEJA(FiniteDimensionalEuclideanJordanAlgebra): The Jordan multiplication is what we think it is:: sage: set_random_seed() - sage: n = ZZ.random_element(1,5) - sage: J = RealSymmetricEJA(n) + sage: J = RealSymmetricEJA.random_instance() sage: x = J.random_element() sage: y = J.random_element() sage: actual = (x*y).natural_representation() @@ -1319,23 +1048,11 @@ class RealSymmetricEJA(FiniteDimensionalEuclideanJordanAlgebra): sage: RealSymmetricEJA(3, prefix='q').gens() (q0, q1, q2, q3, q4, q5) - Our inner product satisfies the Jordan axiom:: - - sage: set_random_seed() - sage: n = ZZ.random_element(1,5) - sage: J = RealSymmetricEJA(n) - sage: x = J.random_element() - sage: y = J.random_element() - sage: z = J.random_element() - sage: (x*y).inner_product(z) == y.inner_product(x*z) - True - Our natural basis is normalized with respect to the natural inner product unless we specify otherwise:: sage: set_random_seed() - sage: n = ZZ.random_element(1,5) - sage: J = RealSymmetricEJA(n) + sage: J = RealSymmetricEJA.random_instance() sage: all( b.norm() == 1 for b in J.gens() ) True @@ -1346,41 +1063,193 @@ class RealSymmetricEJA(FiniteDimensionalEuclideanJordanAlgebra): the operator is self-adjoint by the Jordan axiom:: sage: set_random_seed() - sage: n = ZZ.random_element(1,5) - sage: x = RealSymmetricEJA(n).random_element() + sage: x = RealSymmetricEJA.random_instance().random_element() sage: x.operator().matrix().is_symmetric() True """ - def __init__(self, n, field=QQ, normalize_basis=True, **kwargs): - S = _real_symmetric_basis(n, field) + @classmethod + def _denormalized_basis(cls, n, field): + """ + Return a basis for the space of real symmetric n-by-n matrices. - if n > 1 and normalize_basis: - # We'll need sqrt(2) to normalize the basis, and this - # winds up in the multiplication table, so the whole - # algebra needs to be over the field extension. - R = PolynomialRing(field, 'z') - z = R.gen() - p = z**2 - 2 - if p.is_irreducible(): - field = NumberField(p, 'sqrt2', embedding=RLF(2).sqrt()) - S = [ s.change_ring(field) for s in S ] - self._basis_normalizers = tuple( - ~(self.natural_inner_product(s,s).sqrt()) for s in S ) - S = tuple( s*c for (s,c) in zip(S,self._basis_normalizers) ) + SETUP:: - Qs = _multiplication_table_from_matrix_basis(S) + sage: from mjo.eja.eja_algebra import RealSymmetricEJA - fdeja = super(RealSymmetricEJA, self) - return fdeja.__init__(field, - Qs, - rank=n, - natural_basis=S, - **kwargs) + TESTS:: + + sage: set_random_seed() + sage: n = ZZ.random_element(1,5) + sage: B = RealSymmetricEJA._denormalized_basis(n,QQ) + sage: all( M.is_symmetric() for M in B) + True + """ + # The basis of symmetric matrices, as matrices, in their R^(n-by-n) + # coordinates. + S = [] + for i in xrange(n): + for j in xrange(i+1): + Eij = matrix(field, n, lambda k,l: k==i and l==j) + if i == j: + Sij = Eij + else: + Sij = Eij + Eij.transpose() + S.append(Sij) + return tuple(S) + + + @staticmethod + def _max_test_case_size(): + return 5 # Dimension 10 + + @staticmethod + def real_embed(M): + """ + Embed the matrix ``M`` into a space of real matrices. + + The matrix ``M`` can have entries in any field at the moment: + the real numbers, complex numbers, or quaternions. And although + they are not a field, we can probably support octonions at some + point, too. This function returns a real matrix that "acts like" + the original with respect to matrix multiplication; i.e. + + real_embed(M*N) = real_embed(M)*real_embed(N) + + """ + return M + + + @staticmethod + def real_unembed(M): + """ + The inverse of :meth:`real_embed`. + """ + return M + + + +class ComplexMatrixEuclideanJordanAlgebra(MatrixEuclideanJordanAlgebra): + @staticmethod + def real_embed(M): + """ + Embed the n-by-n complex matrix ``M`` into the space of real + matrices of size 2n-by-2n via the map the sends each entry `z = a + + bi` to the block matrix ``[[a,b],[-b,a]]``. + + SETUP:: + + sage: from mjo.eja.eja_algebra import \ + ....: ComplexMatrixEuclideanJordanAlgebra + + EXAMPLES:: + + sage: F = QuadraticField(-1, 'i') + sage: x1 = F(4 - 2*i) + sage: x2 = F(1 + 2*i) + sage: x3 = F(-i) + sage: x4 = F(6) + sage: M = matrix(F,2,[[x1,x2],[x3,x4]]) + sage: ComplexMatrixEuclideanJordanAlgebra.real_embed(M) + [ 4 -2| 1 2] + [ 2 4|-2 1] + [-----+-----] + [ 0 -1| 6 0] + [ 1 0| 0 6] + + TESTS: + + Embedding is a homomorphism (isomorphism, in fact):: + + sage: set_random_seed() + sage: n_max = ComplexMatrixEuclideanJordanAlgebra._max_test_case_size() + sage: n = ZZ.random_element(n_max) + sage: F = QuadraticField(-1, 'i') + sage: X = random_matrix(F, n) + sage: Y = random_matrix(F, n) + sage: Xe = ComplexMatrixEuclideanJordanAlgebra.real_embed(X) + sage: Ye = ComplexMatrixEuclideanJordanAlgebra.real_embed(Y) + sage: XYe = ComplexMatrixEuclideanJordanAlgebra.real_embed(X*Y) + sage: Xe*Ye == XYe + True + + """ + n = M.nrows() + if M.ncols() != n: + raise ValueError("the matrix 'M' must be square") + field = M.base_ring() + blocks = [] + for z in M.list(): + a = z.vector()[0] # real part, I guess + b = z.vector()[1] # imag part, I guess + blocks.append(matrix(field, 2, [[a,b],[-b,a]])) + + # We can drop the imaginaries here. + return matrix.block(field.base_ring(), n, blocks) + + + @staticmethod + def real_unembed(M): + """ + The inverse of _embed_complex_matrix(). + + SETUP:: + sage: from mjo.eja.eja_algebra import \ + ....: ComplexMatrixEuclideanJordanAlgebra -class ComplexHermitianEJA(FiniteDimensionalEuclideanJordanAlgebra): + EXAMPLES:: + + sage: A = matrix(QQ,[ [ 1, 2, 3, 4], + ....: [-2, 1, -4, 3], + ....: [ 9, 10, 11, 12], + ....: [-10, 9, -12, 11] ]) + sage: ComplexMatrixEuclideanJordanAlgebra.real_unembed(A) + [ 2*i + 1 4*i + 3] + [ 10*i + 9 12*i + 11] + + TESTS: + + Unembedding is the inverse of embedding:: + + sage: set_random_seed() + sage: F = QuadraticField(-1, 'i') + sage: M = random_matrix(F, 3) + sage: Me = ComplexMatrixEuclideanJordanAlgebra.real_embed(M) + sage: ComplexMatrixEuclideanJordanAlgebra.real_unembed(Me) == M + True + + """ + n = ZZ(M.nrows()) + if M.ncols() != n: + raise ValueError("the matrix 'M' must be square") + if not n.mod(2).is_zero(): + raise ValueError("the matrix 'M' must be a complex embedding") + + field = M.base_ring() # This should already have sqrt2 + R = PolynomialRing(field, 'z') + z = R.gen() + F = NumberField(z**2 + 1,'i', embedding=CLF(-1).sqrt()) + i = F.gen() + + # Go top-left to bottom-right (reading order), converting every + # 2-by-2 block we see to a single complex element. + elements = [] + for k in xrange(n/2): + for j in xrange(n/2): + submat = M[2*k:2*k+2,2*j:2*j+2] + if submat[0,0] != submat[1,1]: + raise ValueError('bad on-diagonal submatrix') + if submat[0,1] != -submat[1,0]: + raise ValueError('bad off-diagonal submatrix') + z = submat[0,0] + submat[0,1]*i + elements.append(z) + + return matrix(F, n/2, elements) + + +class ComplexHermitianEJA(ComplexMatrixEuclideanJordanAlgebra): """ The rank-n simple EJA consisting of complex Hermitian n-by-n matrices over the real numbers, the usual symmetric Jordan product, @@ -1396,7 +1265,8 @@ class ComplexHermitianEJA(FiniteDimensionalEuclideanJordanAlgebra): The dimension of this algebra is `n^2`:: sage: set_random_seed() - sage: n = ZZ.random_element(1,5) + sage: n_max = ComplexHermitianEJA._max_test_case_size() + sage: n = ZZ.random_element(1, n_max) sage: J = ComplexHermitianEJA(n) sage: J.dimension() == n^2 True @@ -1404,8 +1274,7 @@ class ComplexHermitianEJA(FiniteDimensionalEuclideanJordanAlgebra): The Jordan multiplication is what we think it is:: sage: set_random_seed() - sage: n = ZZ.random_element(1,5) - sage: J = ComplexHermitianEJA(n) + sage: J = ComplexHermitianEJA.random_instance() sage: x = J.random_element() sage: y = J.random_element() sage: actual = (x*y).natural_representation() @@ -1422,23 +1291,11 @@ class ComplexHermitianEJA(FiniteDimensionalEuclideanJordanAlgebra): sage: ComplexHermitianEJA(2, prefix='z').gens() (z0, z1, z2, z3) - Our inner product satisfies the Jordan axiom:: - - sage: set_random_seed() - sage: n = ZZ.random_element(1,5) - sage: J = ComplexHermitianEJA(n) - sage: x = J.random_element() - sage: y = J.random_element() - sage: z = J.random_element() - sage: (x*y).inner_product(z) == y.inner_product(x*z) - True - Our natural basis is normalized with respect to the natural inner product unless we specify otherwise:: sage: set_random_seed() - sage: n = ZZ.random_element(1,4) - sage: J = ComplexHermitianEJA(n) + sage: J = ComplexHermitianEJA.random_instance() sage: all( b.norm() == 1 for b in J.gens() ) True @@ -1449,49 +1306,200 @@ class ComplexHermitianEJA(FiniteDimensionalEuclideanJordanAlgebra): the operator is self-adjoint by the Jordan axiom:: sage: set_random_seed() - sage: n = ZZ.random_element(1,5) - sage: x = ComplexHermitianEJA(n).random_element() + sage: x = ComplexHermitianEJA.random_instance().random_element() sage: x.operator().matrix().is_symmetric() True """ - def __init__(self, n, field=QQ, normalize_basis=True, **kwargs): - S = _complex_hermitian_basis(n, field) + @classmethod + def _denormalized_basis(cls, n, field): + """ + Returns a basis for the space of complex Hermitian n-by-n matrices. - if n > 1 and normalize_basis: - # We'll need sqrt(2) to normalize the basis, and this - # winds up in the multiplication table, so the whole - # algebra needs to be over the field extension. - R = PolynomialRing(field, 'z') - z = R.gen() - p = z**2 - 2 - if p.is_irreducible(): - field = NumberField(p, 'sqrt2', embedding=RLF(2).sqrt()) - S = [ s.change_ring(field) for s in S ] - self._basis_normalizers = tuple( - ~(self.natural_inner_product(s,s).sqrt()) for s in S ) - S = tuple( s*c for (s,c) in zip(S,self._basis_normalizers) ) + Why do we embed these? Basically, because all of numerical linear + algebra assumes that you're working with vectors consisting of `n` + entries from a field and scalars from the same field. There's no way + to tell SageMath that (for example) the vectors contain complex + numbers, while the scalar field is real. - Qs = _multiplication_table_from_matrix_basis(S) + SETUP:: - fdeja = super(ComplexHermitianEJA, self) - return fdeja.__init__(field, - Qs, - rank=n, - natural_basis=S, - **kwargs) + sage: from mjo.eja.eja_algebra import ComplexHermitianEJA + + TESTS:: + + sage: set_random_seed() + sage: n = ZZ.random_element(1,5) + sage: field = QuadraticField(2, 'sqrt2') + sage: B = ComplexHermitianEJA._denormalized_basis(n, field) + sage: all( M.is_symmetric() for M in B) + True + """ + R = PolynomialRing(field, 'z') + z = R.gen() + F = NumberField(z**2 + 1, 'I', embedding=CLF(-1).sqrt()) + I = F.gen() + # This is like the symmetric case, but we need to be careful: + # + # * We want conjugate-symmetry, not just symmetry. + # * The diagonal will (as a result) be real. + # + S = [] + for i in xrange(n): + for j in xrange(i+1): + Eij = matrix(F, n, lambda k,l: k==i and l==j) + if i == j: + Sij = cls.real_embed(Eij) + S.append(Sij) + else: + # The second one has a minus because it's conjugated. + Sij_real = cls.real_embed(Eij + Eij.transpose()) + S.append(Sij_real) + Sij_imag = cls.real_embed(I*Eij - I*Eij.transpose()) + S.append(Sij_imag) + + # Since we embedded these, we can drop back to the "field" that we + # started with instead of the complex extension "F". + return tuple( s.change_ring(field) for s in S ) + + + +class QuaternionMatrixEuclideanJordanAlgebra(MatrixEuclideanJordanAlgebra): @staticmethod - def natural_inner_product(X,Y): - Xu = _unembed_complex_matrix(X) - Yu = _unembed_complex_matrix(Y) - # The trace need not be real; consider Xu = (i*I) and Yu = I. - return ((Xu*Yu).trace()).vector()[0] # real part, I guess + def real_embed(M): + """ + Embed the n-by-n quaternion matrix ``M`` into the space of real + matrices of size 4n-by-4n by first sending each quaternion entry `z + = a + bi + cj + dk` to the block-complex matrix ``[[a + bi, + c+di],[-c + di, a-bi]]`, and then embedding those into a real + matrix. + + SETUP:: + + sage: from mjo.eja.eja_algebra import \ + ....: QuaternionMatrixEuclideanJordanAlgebra + + EXAMPLES:: + + sage: Q = QuaternionAlgebra(QQ,-1,-1) + sage: i,j,k = Q.gens() + sage: x = 1 + 2*i + 3*j + 4*k + sage: M = matrix(Q, 1, [[x]]) + sage: QuaternionMatrixEuclideanJordanAlgebra.real_embed(M) + [ 1 2 3 4] + [-2 1 -4 3] + [-3 4 1 -2] + [-4 -3 2 1] + + Embedding is a homomorphism (isomorphism, in fact):: + + sage: set_random_seed() + sage: n_max = QuaternionMatrixEuclideanJordanAlgebra._max_test_case_size() + sage: n = ZZ.random_element(n_max) + sage: Q = QuaternionAlgebra(QQ,-1,-1) + sage: X = random_matrix(Q, n) + sage: Y = random_matrix(Q, n) + sage: Xe = QuaternionMatrixEuclideanJordanAlgebra.real_embed(X) + sage: Ye = QuaternionMatrixEuclideanJordanAlgebra.real_embed(Y) + sage: XYe = QuaternionMatrixEuclideanJordanAlgebra.real_embed(X*Y) + sage: Xe*Ye == XYe + True + + """ + quaternions = M.base_ring() + n = M.nrows() + if M.ncols() != n: + raise ValueError("the matrix 'M' must be square") + + F = QuadraticField(-1, 'i') + i = F.gen() + + blocks = [] + for z in M.list(): + t = z.coefficient_tuple() + a = t[0] + b = t[1] + c = t[2] + d = t[3] + cplxM = matrix(F, 2, [[ a + b*i, c + d*i], + [-c + d*i, a - b*i]]) + realM = ComplexMatrixEuclideanJordanAlgebra.real_embed(cplxM) + blocks.append(realM) + # We should have real entries by now, so use the realest field + # we've got for the return value. + return matrix.block(quaternions.base_ring(), n, blocks) -class QuaternionHermitianEJA(FiniteDimensionalEuclideanJordanAlgebra): + + @staticmethod + def real_unembed(M): + """ + The inverse of _embed_quaternion_matrix(). + + SETUP:: + + sage: from mjo.eja.eja_algebra import \ + ....: QuaternionMatrixEuclideanJordanAlgebra + + EXAMPLES:: + + sage: M = matrix(QQ, [[ 1, 2, 3, 4], + ....: [-2, 1, -4, 3], + ....: [-3, 4, 1, -2], + ....: [-4, -3, 2, 1]]) + sage: QuaternionMatrixEuclideanJordanAlgebra.real_unembed(M) + [1 + 2*i + 3*j + 4*k] + + TESTS: + + Unembedding is the inverse of embedding:: + + sage: set_random_seed() + sage: Q = QuaternionAlgebra(QQ, -1, -1) + sage: M = random_matrix(Q, 3) + sage: Me = QuaternionMatrixEuclideanJordanAlgebra.real_embed(M) + sage: QuaternionMatrixEuclideanJordanAlgebra.real_unembed(Me) == M + True + + """ + n = ZZ(M.nrows()) + if M.ncols() != n: + raise ValueError("the matrix 'M' must be square") + if not n.mod(4).is_zero(): + raise ValueError("the matrix 'M' must be a complex embedding") + + # Use the base ring of the matrix to ensure that its entries can be + # multiplied by elements of the quaternion algebra. + field = M.base_ring() + Q = QuaternionAlgebra(field,-1,-1) + i,j,k = Q.gens() + + # Go top-left to bottom-right (reading order), converting every + # 4-by-4 block we see to a 2-by-2 complex block, to a 1-by-1 + # quaternion block. + elements = [] + for l in xrange(n/4): + for m in xrange(n/4): + submat = ComplexMatrixEuclideanJordanAlgebra.real_unembed( + M[4*l:4*l+4,4*m:4*m+4] ) + if submat[0,0] != submat[1,1].conjugate(): + raise ValueError('bad on-diagonal submatrix') + if submat[0,1] != -submat[1,0].conjugate(): + raise ValueError('bad off-diagonal submatrix') + z = submat[0,0].vector()[0] # real part + z += submat[0,0].vector()[1]*i # imag part + z += submat[0,1].vector()[0]*j # real part + z += submat[0,1].vector()[1]*k # imag part + elements.append(z) + + return matrix(Q, n/4, elements) + + + +class QuaternionHermitianEJA(QuaternionMatrixEuclideanJordanAlgebra): """ The rank-n simple EJA consisting of self-adjoint n-by-n quaternion matrices, the usual symmetric Jordan product, and the @@ -1507,7 +1515,8 @@ class QuaternionHermitianEJA(FiniteDimensionalEuclideanJordanAlgebra): The dimension of this algebra is `2*n^2 - n`:: sage: set_random_seed() - sage: n = ZZ.random_element(1,4) + sage: n_max = QuaternionHermitianEJA._max_test_case_size() + sage: n = ZZ.random_element(1, n_max) sage: J = QuaternionHermitianEJA(n) sage: J.dimension() == 2*(n^2) - n True @@ -1515,8 +1524,7 @@ class QuaternionHermitianEJA(FiniteDimensionalEuclideanJordanAlgebra): The Jordan multiplication is what we think it is:: sage: set_random_seed() - sage: n = ZZ.random_element(1,4) - sage: J = QuaternionHermitianEJA(n) + sage: J = QuaternionHermitianEJA.random_instance() sage: x = J.random_element() sage: y = J.random_element() sage: actual = (x*y).natural_representation() @@ -1533,23 +1541,11 @@ class QuaternionHermitianEJA(FiniteDimensionalEuclideanJordanAlgebra): sage: QuaternionHermitianEJA(2, prefix='a').gens() (a0, a1, a2, a3, a4, a5) - Our inner product satisfies the Jordan axiom:: - - sage: set_random_seed() - sage: n = ZZ.random_element(1,4) - sage: J = QuaternionHermitianEJA(n) - sage: x = J.random_element() - sage: y = J.random_element() - sage: z = J.random_element() - sage: (x*y).inner_product(z) == y.inner_product(x*z) - True - Our natural basis is normalized with respect to the natural inner product unless we specify otherwise:: sage: set_random_seed() - sage: n = ZZ.random_element(1,4) - sage: J = QuaternionHermitianEJA(n) + sage: J = QuaternionHermitianEJA.random_instance() sage: all( b.norm() == 1 for b in J.gens() ) True @@ -1560,47 +1556,62 @@ class QuaternionHermitianEJA(FiniteDimensionalEuclideanJordanAlgebra): the operator is self-adjoint by the Jordan axiom:: sage: set_random_seed() - sage: n = ZZ.random_element(1,5) - sage: x = QuaternionHermitianEJA(n).random_element() + sage: x = QuaternionHermitianEJA.random_instance().random_element() sage: x.operator().matrix().is_symmetric() True """ - def __init__(self, n, field=QQ, normalize_basis=True, **kwargs): - S = _quaternion_hermitian_basis(n, field) + @classmethod + def _denormalized_basis(cls, n, field): + """ + Returns a basis for the space of quaternion Hermitian n-by-n matrices. - if n > 1 and normalize_basis: - # We'll need sqrt(2) to normalize the basis, and this - # winds up in the multiplication table, so the whole - # algebra needs to be over the field extension. - R = PolynomialRing(field, 'z') - z = R.gen() - p = z**2 - 2 - if p.is_irreducible(): - field = NumberField(p, 'sqrt2', embedding=RLF(2).sqrt()) - S = [ s.change_ring(field) for s in S ] - self._basis_normalizers = tuple( - ~(self.natural_inner_product(s,s).sqrt()) for s in S ) - S = tuple( s*c for (s,c) in zip(S,self._basis_normalizers) ) + Why do we embed these? Basically, because all of numerical + linear algebra assumes that you're working with vectors consisting + of `n` entries from a field and scalars from the same field. There's + no way to tell SageMath that (for example) the vectors contain + complex numbers, while the scalar field is real. - Qs = _multiplication_table_from_matrix_basis(S) + SETUP:: - fdeja = super(QuaternionHermitianEJA, self) - return fdeja.__init__(field, - Qs, - rank=n, - natural_basis=S, - **kwargs) + sage: from mjo.eja.eja_algebra import QuaternionHermitianEJA - @staticmethod - def natural_inner_product(X,Y): - Xu = _unembed_quaternion_matrix(X) - Yu = _unembed_quaternion_matrix(Y) - # The trace need not be real; consider Xu = (i*I) and Yu = I. - # The result will be a quaternion algebra element, which doesn't - # have a "vector" method, but does have coefficient_tuple() method - # that returns the coefficients of 1, i, j, and k -- in that order. - return ((Xu*Yu).trace()).coefficient_tuple()[0] + TESTS:: + + sage: set_random_seed() + sage: n = ZZ.random_element(1,5) + sage: B = QuaternionHermitianEJA._denormalized_basis(n,QQ) + sage: all( M.is_symmetric() for M in B ) + True + + """ + Q = QuaternionAlgebra(QQ,-1,-1) + I,J,K = Q.gens() + + # This is like the symmetric case, but we need to be careful: + # + # * We want conjugate-symmetry, not just symmetry. + # * The diagonal will (as a result) be real. + # + S = [] + for i in xrange(n): + for j in xrange(i+1): + Eij = matrix(Q, n, lambda k,l: k==i and l==j) + if i == j: + Sij = cls.real_embed(Eij) + S.append(Sij) + else: + # The second, third, and fourth ones have a minus + # because they're conjugated. + Sij_real = cls.real_embed(Eij + Eij.transpose()) + S.append(Sij_real) + Sij_I = cls.real_embed(I*Eij - I*Eij.transpose()) + S.append(Sij_I) + Sij_J = cls.real_embed(J*Eij - J*Eij.transpose()) + S.append(Sij_J) + Sij_K = cls.real_embed(K*Eij - K*Eij.transpose()) + S.append(Sij_K) + return tuple(S) @@ -1641,17 +1652,6 @@ class JordanSpinEJA(FiniteDimensionalEuclideanJordanAlgebra): sage: JordanSpinEJA(2, prefix='B').gens() (B0, B1) - Our inner product satisfies the Jordan axiom:: - - sage: set_random_seed() - sage: n = ZZ.random_element(1,5) - sage: J = JordanSpinEJA(n) - sage: x = J.random_element() - sage: y = J.random_element() - sage: z = J.random_element() - sage: (x*y).inner_product(z) == y.inner_product(x*z) - True - """ def __init__(self, n, field=QQ, **kwargs): V = VectorSpace(field, n) @@ -1690,8 +1690,7 @@ class JordanSpinEJA(FiniteDimensionalEuclideanJordanAlgebra): over `R^n`:: sage: set_random_seed() - sage: n = ZZ.random_element(1,5) - sage: J = JordanSpinEJA(n) + sage: J = JordanSpinEJA.random_instance() sage: x = J.random_element() sage: y = J.random_element() sage: X = x.natural_representation()