from sage.all import *
-load('~/.sage/init.sage')
+from misc import product
def lagrange_coefficient(k, x, xs):
"""
OUTPUT:
- A symbolic function of one variable.
+ A symbolic expression of one variable.
TESTS::
-def lagrange_polynomial(f, x, xs):
+def lagrange_polynomial(x, xs, ys):
"""
Return the Lagrange form of the interpolation polynomial in `x` of
- `f` at the points `xs`.
+ at the points (xs[k], ys[k]).
INPUT:
- - ``f`` - The function to interpolate.
-
- ``x`` - The independent variable of the resulting polynomial.
- ``xs`` - The list of points at which we interpolate `f`.
+ - ``ys`` - The function values at `xs`.
+
OUTPUT:
- A symbolic function (polynomial) interpolating `f` at `xs`.
+ A symbolic expression (polynomial) interpolating each (xs[k], ys[k]).
TESTS::
sage: xs = [ -pi/2, -pi/6, 0, pi/6, pi/2 ]
- sage: L = lagrange_polynomial(sin, x, xs)
+ sage: ys = map(sin, xs)
+ sage: L = lagrange_polynomial(x, xs, ys)
sage: expected = 27/16*(pi - 6*x)*(pi - 2*x)*(pi + 2*x)*x/pi^4
sage: expected -= 1/8*(pi - 6*x)*(pi - 2*x)*(pi + 6*x)*x/pi^4
sage: expected -= 1/8*(pi - 6*x)*(pi + 2*x)*(pi + 6*x)*x/pi^4
True
"""
- ys = [ f(xs[k]) for k in range(0, len(xs)) ]
ls = [ lagrange_coefficient(k, x, xs) for k in range(0, len(xs)) ]
sigma = sum([ ys[k] * ls[k] for k in range(0, len(xs)) ])
return sigma
+
+
+
+def divided_difference_coefficients(xs):
+ """
+ Assuming some function `f`, compute the coefficients of the
+ divided difference f[xs[0], ..., xs[n]].
+
+ TESTS:
+
+ sage: divided_difference_coefficients([0])
+ [1]
+ sage: divided_difference_coefficients([0, pi])
+ [-1/pi, 1/pi]
+ sage: divided_difference_coefficients([0, pi, 2*pi])
+ [1/2/pi^2, -1/pi^2, 1/2/pi^2]
+
+ """
+ coeffs = [ product([ (QQ(1) / (xj - xi)) for xi in xs if xi != xj ])
+ for xj in xs ]
+ return coeffs
+
+
+def divided_difference(xs, ys):
+ """
+ Return the Newton divided difference of the points (xs[k],
+ ys[k]). Reference:
+
+ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divided_differences
+
+ INPUT:
+
+ - ``xs`` -- The list of x-values.
+
+ - ``ys`` -- The function values at `xs`.
+
+ OUTPUT:
+
+ The (possibly symbolic) divided difference function.
+
+ TESTS::
+
+ sage: xs = [0]
+ sage: ys = map(sin, xs)
+ sage: divided_difference(xs, ys)
+ 0
+ sage: xs = [0, pi]
+ sage: ys = map(sin, xs)
+ sage: divided_difference(xs, ys)
+ 0
+ sage: xs = [0, pi, 2*pi]
+ sage: ys = map(sin, xs)
+ sage: divided_difference(xs, ys)
+ 0
+
+ We try something entirely symbolic::
+
+ sage: f = function('f', x)
+ sage: divided_difference([x], [f(x=x)])
+ f(x)
+ sage: x1,x2 = var('x1,x2')
+ sage: divided_difference([x1,x2], [f(x=x1),f(x=x2)])
+ f(x1)/(x1 - x2) - f(x2)/(x1 - x2)
+
+ """
+ coeffs = divided_difference_coefficients(xs)
+ v_cs = vector(coeffs)
+ v_ys = vector(ys)
+ return v_cs.dot_product(v_ys)
+
+
+def newton_polynomial(x, xs, ys):
+ """
+ Return the Newton form of the interpolating polynomial of the
+ points (xs[k], ys[k]) in the variable `x`.
+
+ INPUT:
+
+ - ``x`` -- The independent variable to use for the interpolating
+ polynomial.
+
+ - ``xs`` -- The list of x-values.
+
+ - ``ys`` -- The function values at `xs`.
+
+ OUTPUT:
+
+ A symbolic expression.
+
+ TESTS:
+
+ sage: xs = [ -pi/2, -pi/6, 0, pi/6, pi/2 ]
+ sage: ys = map(sin, xs)
+ sage: L = lagrange_polynomial(x, xs, ys)
+ sage: N = newton_polynomial(x, xs, ys)
+ sage: bool(N == L)
+ True
+
+ """
+ degree = len(xs) - 1
+
+ N = SR(0)
+
+ for k in range(0, degree+1):
+ term = divided_difference(xs[:k+1], ys[:k+1])
+ term *= product([ x - xk for xk in xs[:k]])
+ N += term
+
+ return N
+
+
+def hermite_coefficient(k, x, xs):
+ """
+ Return the Hermite coefficient h_{k}(x). See Atkinson, p. 160.
+
+ INPUT:
+
+ - ``k`` -- The index of the coefficient.
+
+ - ``x`` -- The symbolic variable to use as the argument of h_{k}.
+
+ - ``xs`` -- The list of points at which the function values are
+ known.
+
+ OUTPUT:
+
+ A symbolic expression.
+
+ """
+ lk = lagrange_coefficient(k, x, xs)
+ return (1 - 2*lk.diff(x)(x=xs[k])*(x - xs[k]))*(lk**2)
+
+
+def hermite_deriv_coefficient(k, x, xs):
+ """
+ Return the Hermite derivative coefficient, \tilde{h}_{k}(x). See
+ Atkinson, p. 160.
+
+ INPUT:
+
+ - ``k`` -- The index of the coefficient.
+
+ - ``x`` -- The symbolic variable to use as the argument of h_{k}.
+
+ - ``xs`` -- The list of points at which the function values are
+ known.
+
+ OUTPUT:
+
+ A symbolic expression.
+
+ """
+ lk = lagrange_coefficient(k, x, xs)
+ return (x - xs[k])*(lk**2)
+
+
+def hermite_interpolant(x, xs, ys, y_primes):
+ """
+ Return the Hermite interpolant `H(x)` such that H(xs[k]) = ys[k]
+ and H'(xs[k]) = y_primes[k] for each k.
+
+ Reference: Atkinson, p. 160.
+
+ INPUT:
+
+ - ``x`` -- The symbolic variable to use as the argument of H(x).
+
+ - ``xs`` -- The list of points at which the function values are
+ known.
+
+ - ``ys`` -- The function values at the `xs`.
+
+ - ``y_primes`` -- The derivatives at the `xs`.
+
+ OUTPUT:
+
+ A symbolic expression.
+
+ TESTS:
+
+ sage: xs = [ 0, pi/6, pi/2 ]
+ sage: ys = map(sin, xs)
+ sage: y_primes = map(cos, xs)
+ sage: H = hermite_interpolant(x, xs, ys, y_primes)
+ sage: expected = -27/4*(pi - 6*x)*(pi - 2*x)^2*sqrt(3)*x^2/pi^4
+ sage: expected += (5*(pi - 2*x)/pi + 1)*(pi - 6*x)^2*x^2/pi^4
+ sage: expected += 81/2*((pi - 6*x)/pi + 1)*(pi - 2*x)^2*x^2/pi^4
+ sage: expected += (pi - 6*x)^2*(pi - 2*x)^2*x/pi^4
+ sage: bool(H == expected)
+ True
+
+ """
+ s1 = sum([ ys[k] * hermite_coefficient(k, x, xs)
+ for k in range(0, len(xs)) ])
+
+ s2 = sum([ y_primes[k] * hermite_deriv_coefficient(k, x, xs)
+ for k in range(0, len(xs)) ])
+
+ return (s1 + s2)
+
+
+def lagrange_psi(x, xs):
+ """
+ The function,
+
+ Psi(x) = (x - xs[0])*(x - xs[1])* ... *(x - xs[-1])
+
+ used in Lagrange and Hermite interpolation.
+
+ INPUT:
+
+ - ``x`` -- The independent variable of the resulting expression.
+
+ - ``xs`` -- A list of points.
+
+ OUTPUT:
+
+ A symbolic expression in one variable, `x`.
+ """
+
+ return product([ (x - xj) for xj in xs ])