from sage.all import *
-# TODO: This test fails, maybe due to a bug in the existing cone code.
-# If we request enough generators to span the space, then the returned
-# cone should equal the ambient space::
-#
-# sage: K = random_cone(min_dim=5, max_dim=5, min_rays=10, max_rays=10)
-# sage: K.lines().dimension() == K.lattice_dim()
-# True
-
-def random_cone(min_dim=0, max_dim=None, min_rays=0, max_rays=None):
- r"""
- Generate a random rational convex polyhedral cone.
-
- Lower and upper bounds may be provided for both the dimension of the
- ambient space and the number of generating rays of the cone. If a
- lower bound is left unspecified, it defaults to zero. Unspecified
- upper bounds will be chosen randomly.
-
- The number of generating rays is naturally limited to twice the
- dimension of the ambient space. Take for example $\mathbb{R}^{2}$.
- You could have the generators $\left\{ \pm e_{1}, \pm e_{2}
- \right\}$, with cardinality $4 = 2 \cdot 2$; however any other ray
- in the space is a nonnegative linear combination of those four.
-
- .. NOTE:
-
- If you do not explicitly request more than ``2 * max_dim`` rays,
- a larger number may still be randomly generated. In that case,
- the returned cone will simply be equal to the entire space.
-
- INPUT:
-
- - ``min_dim`` (default: zero) -- A nonnegative integer representing the
- minimum dimension of the ambient lattice.
-
- - ``max_dim`` (default: random) -- A nonnegative integer representing
- the maximum dimension of the ambient
- lattice.
-
- - ``min_rays`` (default: zero) -- A nonnegative integer representing the
- minimum number of generating rays of the
- cone.
-
- - ``max_rays`` (default: random) -- A nonnegative integer representing the
- maximum number of generating rays of
- the cone.
-
- OUTPUT:
-
- A new, randomly generated cone.
-
- A ``ValueError` will be thrown under the following conditions:
-
- * Any of ``min_dim``, ``max_dim``, ``min_rays``, or ``max_rays``
- are negative.
-
- * ``max_dim`` is less than ``min_dim``.
-
- * ``max_rays`` is less than ``min_rays``.
-
- * ``min_rays`` is greater than twice ``max_dim``.
-
- EXAMPLES:
-
- If we set the lower/upper bounds to zero, then our result is
- predictable::
-
- sage: random_cone(0,0,0,0)
- 0-d cone in 0-d lattice N
-
- We can predict the dimension when ``min_dim == max_dim``::
-
- sage: random_cone(min_dim=4, max_dim=4, min_rays=0, max_rays=0)
- 0-d cone in 4-d lattice N
-
- Likewise for the number of rays when ``min_rays == max_rays``::
-
- sage: random_cone(min_dim=10, max_dim=10, min_rays=10, max_rays=10)
- 10-d cone in 10-d lattice N
-
- TESTS:
-
- It's hard to test the output of a random process, but we can at
- least make sure that we get a cone back::
-
- sage: from sage.geometry.cone import is_Cone # long time
- sage: K = random_cone() # long time
- sage: is_Cone(K) # long time
- True
-
- The upper/lower bounds are respected::
-
- sage: K = random_cone(min_dim=5, max_dim=10, min_rays=3, max_rays=4)
- sage: 5 <= K.lattice_dim() and K.lattice_dim() <= 10
- True
- sage: 3 <= K.nrays() and K.nrays() <= 4
- True
-
- Ensure that an exception is raised when either lower bound is greater
- than its respective upper bound::
-
- sage: random_cone(min_dim=5, max_dim=2)
- Traceback (most recent call last):
- ...
- ValueError: max_dim cannot be less than min_dim.
-
- sage: random_cone(min_rays=5, max_rays=2)
- Traceback (most recent call last):
- ...
- ValueError: max_rays cannot be less than min_rays.
-
- And if we request too many rays::
-
- sage: random_cone(min_rays=5, max_dim=1)
- Traceback (most recent call last):
- ...
- ValueError: min_rays cannot be larger than twice max_dim.
-
- """
-
- # Catch obvious mistakes so that we can generate clear error
- # messages.
-
- if min_dim < 0:
- raise ValueError('min_dim must be nonnegative.')
-
- if min_rays < 0:
- raise ValueError('min_rays must be nonnegative.')
-
- if max_dim is not None:
- if max_dim < 0:
- raise ValueError('max_dim must be nonnegative.')
- if (max_dim < min_dim):
- raise ValueError('max_dim cannot be less than min_dim.')
- if min_rays > 2*max_dim:
- raise ValueError('min_rays cannot be larger than twice max_dim.')
-
- if max_rays is not None:
- if max_rays < 0:
- raise ValueError('max_rays must be nonnegative.')
- if (max_rays < min_rays):
- raise ValueError('max_rays cannot be less than min_rays.')
-
-
- def random_min_max(l,u):
- r"""
- We need to handle two cases for the upper bounds, and we need to do
- the same thing for max_dim/max_rays. So we consolidate the logic here.
- """
- if u is None:
- # The upper bound is unspecified; return a random integer
- # in [l,infinity).
- return l + ZZ.random_element().abs()
- else:
- # We have an upper bound, and it's greater than or equal
- # to our lower bound. So we generate a random integer in
- # [0,u-l], and then add it to l to get something in
- # [l,u]. To understand the "+1", check the
- # ZZ.random_element() docs.
- return l + ZZ.random_element(u - l + 1)
-
-
- d = random_min_max(min_dim, max_dim)
- r = random_min_max(min_rays, max_rays)
-
- L = ToricLattice(d)
-
- # The rays are trickier to generate, since we could generate v and
- # 2*v as our "two rays." In that case, the resuting cone would
- # have one generating ray. To avoid such a situation, we start by
- # generating ``r`` rays where ``r`` is the number we want to end
- # up with.
- #
- # However, since we're going to *check* whether or not we actually
- # have ``r``, we need ``r`` rays to be attainable. So we need to
- # limit ``r`` to twice the dimension of the ambient space.
- #
- r = min(r, 2*d)
- rays = [L.random_element() for i in range(0, r)]
-
- # (The lattice parameter is required when no rays are given, so we
- # pass it just in case ``r == 0``).
- K = Cone(rays, lattice=L)
-
- # Now if we generated two of the "same" rays, we'll have fewer
- # generating rays than ``r``. In that case, we keep making up new
- # rays and recreating the cone until we get the right number of
- # independent generators.
- while r > K.nrays():
- rays.append(L.random_element())
- K = Cone(rays)
-
- return K
-
def discrete_complementarity_set(K):
r"""
return [(x,s) for x in xs for s in ss if x.inner_product(s) == 0]
+def LL(K):
+ r"""
+ Compute the space `\mathbf{LL}` of all Lyapunov-like transformations
+ on this cone.
+
+ OUTPUT:
+
+ A ``MatrixSpace`` object `M` such that every matrix `L \in M` is
+ Lyapunov-like on this cone.
+
+ """
+ V = K.lattice().vector_space()
+
+ C_of_K = discrete_complementarity_set(K)
+
+ matrices = [x.tensor_product(s) for (x,s) in C_of_K]
+
+ # Sage doesn't think matrices are vectors, so we have to convert
+ # our matrices to vectors explicitly before we can figure out how
+ # many are linearly-indepenedent.
+ #
+ # The space W has the same base ring as V, but dimension
+ # dim(V)^2. So it has the same dimension as the space of linear
+ # transformations on V. In other words, it's just the right size
+ # to create an isomorphism between it and our matrices.
+ W = VectorSpace(V.base_ring(), V.dimension()**2)
+
+ # Turn our matrices into long vectors...
+ vectors = [ W(m.list()) for m in matrices ]
+
+ # Vector space representation of Lyapunov-like matrices
+ # (i.e. vec(L) where L is Luapunov-like).
+ LL_vector = W.span(vectors).complement()
+
+ # Now construct an ambient MatrixSpace in which to stick our
+ # transformations.
+ M = MatrixSpace(V.base_ring(), V.dimension())
+
+ matrices = [ M(v.list()) for v in LL_vector.basis() ]
+
+ return matrices
+
+
+
def lyapunov_rank(K):
r"""
Compute the Lyapunov (or bilinearity) rank of this cone.
REFERENCES:
- 1. M.S. Gowda and J. Tao. On the bilinearity rank of a proper cone
- and Lyapunov-like transformations, Mathematical Programming, 147
+ .. [Gowda/Tao] M.S. Gowda and J. Tao. On the bilinearity rank of a proper
+ cone and Lyapunov-like transformations, Mathematical Programming, 147
(2014) 155-170.
- 2. G. Rudolf, N. Noyan, D. Papp, and F. Alizadeh, Bilinear
+ .. [Rudolf et al.] G. Rudolf, N. Noyan, D. Papp, and F. Alizadeh, Bilinear
optimality constraints for the cone of positive polynomials,
Mathematical Programming, Series B, 129 (2011) 5-31.
EXAMPLES:
- The nonnegative orthant in `\mathbb{R}^{n}` always has rank `n`::
+ The nonnegative orthant in `\mathbb{R}^{n}` always has rank `n`
+ [Rudolf et al.]_::
sage: positives = Cone([(1,)])
sage: lyapunov_rank(positives)
sage: quadrant = Cone([(1,0), (0,1)])
sage: lyapunov_rank(quadrant)
2
- sage: octant = Cone([(1,0,0), (0,1,0), (0,0,1)])
+ sage: octant = Cone([(1,0,0), (0,1,0), (0,0,1)])
sage: lyapunov_rank(octant)
3
- The `L^{3}_{1}` cone is known to have a Lyapunov rank of one::
+ The `L^{3}_{1}` cone is known to have a Lyapunov rank of one
+ [Rudolf et al.]_::
sage: L31 = Cone([(1,0,1), (0,-1,1), (-1,0,1), (0,1,1)])
sage: lyapunov_rank(L31)
1
- Likewise for the `L^{3}_{\infty}` cone::
+ Likewise for the `L^{3}_{\infty}` cone [Rudolf et al.]_::
sage: L3infty = Cone([(0,1,1), (1,0,1), (0,-1,1), (-1,0,1)])
sage: lyapunov_rank(L3infty)
1
- The Lyapunov rank should be additive on a product of cones::
+ The Lyapunov rank should be additive on a product of cones
+ [Rudolf et al.]_::
sage: L31 = Cone([(1,0,1), (0,-1,1), (-1,0,1), (0,1,1)])
sage: octant = Cone([(1,0,0), (0,1,0), (0,0,1)])
sage: lyapunov_rank(K) == lyapunov_rank(L31) + lyapunov_rank(octant)
True
- Two isomorphic cones should have the same Lyapunov rank. The cone
- ``K`` in the following example is isomorphic to the nonnegative
+ Two isomorphic cones should have the same Lyapunov rank [Rudolf et al.]_.
+ The cone ``K`` in the following example is isomorphic to the nonnegative
octant in `\mathbb{R}^{3}`::
sage: K = Cone([(1,2,3), (-1,1,0), (1,0,6)])
3
The dual cone `K^{*}` of ``K`` should have the same Lyapunov rank as ``K``
- itself::
+ itself [Rudolf et al.]_::
sage: K = Cone([(2,2,4), (-1,9,0), (2,0,6)])
sage: lyapunov_rank(K) == lyapunov_rank(K.dual())
TESTS:
- The Lyapunov rank should be additive on a product of cones::
+ The Lyapunov rank should be additive on a product of cones
+ [Rudolf et al.]_::
sage: K1 = random_cone(max_dim=10, max_rays=10)
sage: K2 = random_cone(max_dim=10, max_rays=10)
True
The dual cone `K^{*}` of ``K`` should have the same Lyapunov rank as ``K``
- itself::
+ itself [Rudolf et al.]_::
sage: K = random_cone(max_dim=10, max_rays=10)
sage: lyapunov_rank(K) == lyapunov_rank(K.dual())
True
+ The Lyapunov rank of a proper polyhedral cone in `n` dimensions can
+ be any number between `1` and `n` inclusive, excluding `n-1`
+ [Gowda/Tao]_ (by accident, this holds for the trivial cone in a
+ trivial space as well)::
+
+ sage: K = random_cone(max_dim=10, strictly_convex=True, solid=True)
+ sage: b = lyapunov_rank(K)
+ sage: n = K.lattice_dim()
+ sage: 1 <= b and b <= n
+ True
+ sage: b == n-1
+ False
+
"""
V = K.lattice().vector_space()
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