+\input{mjo-common} % for \of, and \binopmany
+
+
+% The additive identity element of its argument, which should be
+% an algebraic structure.
+\newcommand*{\zero}[1]{ 0_{{#1}} }
+
+\ifdefined\newglossaryentry
+ \newglossaryentry{zero}{
+ name={\ensuremath{\zero{R}}},
+ description={the additive identity element of $R$},
+ sort=z
+ }
+\fi
+
+% The multiplicative identity element of its argument, which should be
+% an algebraic structure.
+\newcommand*{\unit}[1]{ 1_{{#1}} }
+
+\ifdefined\newglossaryentry
+ \newglossaryentry{unit}{
+ name={\ensuremath{\unit{R}}},
+ description={the multiplicative identity (unit) element of $R$},
+ sort=u
+ }
+\fi
+
+% The direct sum of two things.
+\newcommand*{\directsum}[2]{ {#1}\oplus{#2} }
+
+% The direct sum of three things.
+\newcommand*{\directsumthree}[3]{ \directsum{#1}{\directsum{#2}{#3}} }
+
+% The (indexed) direct sum of many things.
+\newcommand*{\directsummany}[3]{ \binopmany{\bigoplus}{#1}{#2}{#3} }
+
+