%
% Place the argument in matching left/right parntheses.
-\providecommand*{\of}[1]{ \left( {#1} \right) }
+\providecommand*{\of}[1]{ \left({#1}\right) }
% Group terms using parentheses.
-\providecommand*{\qty}[1]{ \left( {#1} \right) }
+\providecommand*{\qty}[1]{ \left({#1}\right) }
% Group terms using square brackets.
-\providecommand*{\sqty}[1]{ \left[ {#1} \right] }
+\providecommand*{\sqty}[1]{ \left[{#1}\right] }
% Create a set from the given elements
-\providecommand*{\set}[1]{ \left\lbrace {#1} \right\rbrace }
+\providecommand*{\set}[1]{\left\lbrace{#1}\right\rbrace}
% A set comprehension, where the ``such that...'' bar is added
% automatically. The bar was chosen over a colon to avoid ambiguity
% with the L : V -> V notation. We can't leverage \set here because \middle
% needs \left and \right present.
-\providecommand*{\setc}[2]{ \left\lbrace {#1}\ \middle|\ {#2} \right\rbrace }
+\providecommand*{\setc}[2]{\left\lbrace{#1}\ \middle|\ {#2} \right\rbrace}
% A pair of things.
-\providecommand*{\pair}[2]{ \left( {#1}, {#2} \right) }
+\providecommand*{\pair}[2]{ \left({#1},{#2}\right) }
+
+% The Cartesian product of two things.
+\providecommand*{\cartprod}[2]{ {#1}\times{#2} }
+
+% The Cartesian product of three things.
+\providecommand*{\cartprodthree}[3]{ \cartprod{{#1}}{\cartprod{{#2}}{{#3}}} }
+
+% The direct sum of two things.
+\providecommand*{\directsum}[2]{ {#1}\oplus{#2} }
+
+% The factorial operator.
+\providecommand*{\factorial}[1]{ {#1}! }
%
% Product spaces
% will be omitted entirely.
%
+% The natural n-space, N x N x N x ... x N.
+\providecommand*{\Nn}[1][n]{
+ \mathbb{N}\if\detokenize{#1}\detokenize{1}{}\else^{#1}\fi
+}
+
% The integral n-space, Z x Z x Z x ... x Z.
\providecommand*{\Zn}[1][n]{
\mathbb{Z}\if\detokenize{#1}\detokenize{1}{}\else^{#1}\fi